What Is a Converse Error Fallacy

One logical fallacy that is very common is called a converse error. This error can be hard to spot if we read a logical argument at a superficial level. Examine the following logical argument: If I eat fast food for dinner, then I have a stomach ache in the evening. I had a stomach ache this evening. Therefore I ate fast food for dinner. Although this argument may sound convincing, it is logically flawed and constitutes an example of a converse error. Definition of a Converse Error To see why the above example is a converse error we will need to analyze the form of the argument. There are three parts to the argument: If I eat fast food for dinner, then I have a stomachache in the evening.I had a stomachache this evening.Therefore I ate fast food for dinner. We are looking at this argument form in generality, so it will be better to let P and Q represent any logical statement. Thus the argument looks like: If P, then Q.QTherefore P. Suppose we know that â€Å"If P then Q† is a true conditional statement. We also know that Q is true. This is not enough to say that P is true. The reason for this is that there is nothing logically about â€Å"If P then Q† and â€Å"Q† that means P must follow. Example It may be easier to see why an error occurs in this type of argument by filling in specific statements for P and Q. Suppose I say â€Å"If Joe robbed a bank then he has a million dollars. Joe has a million dollars.† Did Joe rob a bank? Well, he could have robbed a bank, but â€Å"could have† does not constitute a logical argument here. We will assume that both of the sentences in quotations are true. However, just because Joe has a million dollars does not mean that it was acquired through illicit means. Joe could have won the lottery, worked hard all his life or found his million dollars in a suitcase left on his doorstep. Joe’s robbing a bank does not necessarily follow from his possession of a million dollars. Explanation of the Name There is a good reason why converse errors are named such. The fallacious argument form is starting with the conditional statement â€Å"If P then Q† and then asserting the statement â€Å"If Q then P.† Particular forms of conditional statements that are derived from other ones have names and the statement â€Å"If Q then P† is known as the converse. A conditional statement is always logically equivalent to its contrapositive. There is no logical equivalence between the conditional and the converse. It is erroneous to equate these statements. Be on guard against this incorrect form of logical reasoning. It shows up in all sorts of different places. Application to Statistics When writing mathematical proofs, such as in mathematical statistics, we must be careful.  We must be careful and precise with language. We must know what is known, either through axioms or other theorems, and what it is that we are trying to prove. Above all, we must be careful with our chain of logic. Each step in the proof should flow logically from those that precede it. This means that if we do not use correct logic, we will end up with flaws in our proof. It is important to recognize valid logical arguments as well as invalid ones. If we recognize the invalid arguments then we can take steps to make sure that we do not use them in our proofs.

The Issue Of Tobacco Advertising - 960 Words

The issue of how tobacco companies try to influence teenagers into adulthood to consume tobacco was further highlighted in a legal case in the US that resulted in a ban on certain adverts that were said to attract the young into smoking Camel cigarettes. The supporters made a strong argument on the financial contribution of the tobacco industry to the Indian economy, in that they showed that not only the profits made in tax were low, but the spending made on health as a result of smoking, surpassed the tax profits by one third of the tax revenue. In regards to lost jobs as a result of decreased sales of tobacco products, it was claimed that a study found that there was a good chance for job creation, as consumers will shift their money to other industries that require more workers than the tobacco industry. Supporters of the ban used a research made by the World Bank which highlighted the positive results a total ban on tobacco advertising had in other countries across the world. The same results were found by the UK government and these were presented by the supporters to strengthen their case. Another robust piece of evidence was a research by the International Union against Cancer that clearly showed a slump in tobacco use of 14 to 37% following a total ban of tobacco advertising. These reliable scientific pieces of evidence clearly showed that a ban on advertising of tobacco products does work. Arguments in opposition of the ban on tobacco advertising in India TheShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues for Advertising Tobacco Products Across1129 Words   |  5 PagesEthical issues for advertising tobacco products across borders. A case for Social Contract Theory Question 1: How can SCT and ISCT address the controversial nature of advertising and promoting cigarettes across international borders? 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Information Technology Griffith Universityâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Information Technology Griffith University? Answer: Introduction I am a student at my second semester cramming over Information Technology at Griffith University. Provided with the knowledge of data programming, telecommunications and system management I am going on with the methodologies and tools of information technology. Doing this bachelorette degree will be a stepping stone towards the success point. The 21st era has been a changing spot in technology which will be a turning point for me, as a student of Information Technology. I prefer for Information Technology because it is an intellectual tool which ought to provide you the links to be a programmer, technologist, senior architect and many more (Milman, 2007). Computer Science has been my passion since childhood. Computer technologies have changed up the thinking of manhood. The scientist of information research center concocts and devises technology and upgrades the on hand technologies. In my childhood I was fond of robots and their technical functions. Inventing new techniques to make the robot work was my favorite agenda. I use to tie up the wires in order to make the small machines to work. This made up my interest towards computer technology. Education You have to be clear about the concepts of arithmetic and science which will grew your interest towards the scientific approach at computer technology. Mathematics and Science were the course at intermediate which were the ultimate step for competitive scrutiny so as to opt for undergraduate course. The days of first semester has helped me a lot for understanding the business concepts to be cleared at Computer Engineering. I am at my second semester and going on with perfect strategy and dedication towards my studies. It is important to be updated with the latest trends of technologies going around you. The thesis of Computer Engineering has always kept me up to date with the streamline of technologies (Bhattacharya, 2007). The courses include: Robotic Manipulation Robotic Foundation Intelligence system of Machine learning Robotic interactions with Human Data Science learning The zeal of this course and the interesting studies had motivated me for this standup. As interested in the robots and mechanical works this place is perfect for me. I have planned to look upon this way so as to emerge as a technical researcher on robotics, the familiarity between man and robots, as the coming generation would only specify over manmade tactics i.e. robotics work over. Computer interests are growing in the young genre and the coming years will be modified with technical world and will ensure the things like robots. As concerning about my future, it will be an elite adventure working with robots and watching the world which will be a step with just a click. Not to forget my academics, my academic records are up to mark whether at my school stage or at the first semester, I have achieved the elegance at my works. I have also gone up with the robotics research centers and gained up the knowledge over the structuring features and working of robots. Looking forward firstly I will track up the knowledge from institutions for the practical works over the robots and the ranges of computer applications of changing the scenario to a computer place. Then I will be working on the voice controller by matching up with the experienced workers (Heinrich, 2007). Professional Skills To work up with robotics it is vital to have some technical skills as it is difficult to handle this work as this requires viable and analytical skills to cope up with the needs of the structure. Once I recognize the words of a project manager that the people who have gained robotic degrees have achieved the title of managers or engineers. Robotics is a difficult field to cope up but with an excellent analysis of the system I was able to grab up the techniques of the study of robots and their functions (Guest, 2006). There are about 1500 encoding languages to be understood but no one could catch up all the tongue. But with a programming mindset it was easy to grape up with this need. Grabbing up the learning skills has been an interesting fact for me with my tome at every topic. I was estimable control over my learning skills at the academics, to my luck this talent came up to be essential for my professional take up (Hernon, 2006). Mathematics has been always a pillar to all my batch mates, but I find it interested to solve over the problems and the calculus section was my favorite. This has helped me at the function of robotics. I have worked as a content writer and was always an instructor to the new ones. Communicable skills are therefore very important as for any of your work you should be able to communicate with different personality. It was honorable for me to guide the team at one of the researches through which I was able to gain more confidence towards the squad. Once I was working over a machine to design it up and so as to make it work. The structure was ready by a month but while going through its working something was missing that it dropped out. Therefore I have to give it more time than it was ready by a week with working function (Moon, 2004). Industry Knowledge To develop industry knowledge is n important criterion towards the career plans. This gives an idea of being and interacting with different taste of people. I have undergone with industry knowledge through the speakers during the class. We were told about the importance about the industry knowledge which will be helpful for our careers. The event was engaged at the college campus which tends to explain of having the experience of industry talks, the management and how to take up your profile with the needs of the industry. I am capable of handling up the works of the industries as I have been attending the events related to the information technology and as per my experiences and the work on robotics it will be a great opportunity to build up my career. References Milman, N. B. (2007). Web-based digital teaching portfolios: fostering reflection and technology competence in preservice teacher education students. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 373-397, 2005. [Online]. Available: ERIC, https://www.eric.ed.gov/. Bhattacharya, M. (2007). Electronic portfolios, student reflective practices, and the evaluation of effective learning, 2001. [Online]. Available: https://www.aare.edu.au/01pap/bha01333.htm. Heinrich, Bhattacharya,and Rayudu. (2007). Preparation for lifelong learning using eportfolios, European Journal of Engineering Education. Trajkovski G.(Ed.). (2006). Diversity in Information Technology Education, Hershey, PA: Information Science Publishing, pp. 1-14. Guest, G. (2006). Lifelong learning for engineers: a global perspective. European Journal of Engineering Education, 31(3), 273-281. Hernon P. Dugan and Schwartz C. (Eds.). (2006). Revisiting Outcomes Assessment in Higher Education, Westport: Libraries Unlimited, pp. 151-164. Paivi L. M. Tynjala, Kirsti Lonka (Eds.). (2001). Writing as a Learning Tool: Integrating Theory and Practice, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 145-160. Moon, J. A. (2004). A handbook of reflective and experiential learning: Theory Practice, London: RoutledgeFalmer